Disease

Endometriosis

Learn about endometriosis: symptoms, causes, diagnosis, and treatment options for this chronic pelvic condition.

Overview

Endometriosis is a chronic, often painful condition in which endometrial-like tissue grows outside the uterus, most commonly on the ovaries, fallopian tubes, and pelvic lining. This tissue responds to hormonal changes, causing inflammation, scarring, and adhesions. The condition affects roughly 1 in 10 women of reproductive age and is a leading cause of infertility. Symptoms vary widely and do not always correlate with disease severity, which contributes to an average diagnostic delay of 7 to 10 years. While endometriosis has no cure, a combination of medical therapy, surgery, and lifestyle strategies can effectively manage pain and preserve fertility.

Common Symptoms

Severe menstrual cramps (dysmenorrhea)
Chronic pelvic or lower back pain
Pain during or after intercourse
Painful bowel movements or urination during periods
Heavy or irregular bleeding
Fatigue
Digestive issues such as bloating, diarrhea, or constipation
Difficulty conceiving

Risk Factors

Family history of endometriosis

Short menstrual cycles (less than 27 days)

Heavy periods lasting more than 7 days

Never having given birth

Early onset of menstruation (before age 11)

Low body mass index

Uterine or reproductive tract abnormalities

Lifestyle Tips

Apply heat (heating pads, warm baths) to relieve pelvic pain

Follow an anti-inflammatory diet rich in omega-3s, fruits, and vegetables

Limit red meat, caffeine, and alcohol, which may worsen inflammation

Engage in gentle, regular exercise such as yoga, walking, or swimming

Practice stress management through meditation or cognitive behavioral therapy

Keep a symptom and pain diary to share with your care team

Consider pelvic floor physical therapy for muscle tension relief

When to Seek Medical Care

Seek evaluation for pelvic pain that disrupts daily life, painful periods that do not respond to over-the-counter pain relief, pain during intercourse, or difficulty becoming pregnant. Seek immediate care for sudden severe abdominal pain, especially with fever or vomiting, which can signal a ruptured cyst or ovarian torsion.

Related Conditions

Menstrual Health Pcos Infertility

Related Symptoms

Back Pain Fatigue Pelvic Pain

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