Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS)
Learn about PCOS: symptoms, hormonal causes, long-term risks, and lifestyle-based management strategies.
Overview
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is one of the most common endocrine disorders affecting women of reproductive age, with an estimated prevalence of 6 to 12 percent worldwide. It is defined by a combination of irregular menstrual cycles, elevated androgen (male hormone) levels, and polycystic-appearing ovaries on ultrasound. PCOS is a leading cause of infertility and is closely linked to insulin resistance, which increases the risk of type 2 diabetes, metabolic syndrome, and cardiovascular disease. While there is no cure, early diagnosis and ongoing management through lifestyle changes, medication, and regular monitoring can effectively control symptoms and reduce long-term health risks.
Common Symptoms
- Irregular or absent periods
- Excess facial or body hair (hirsutism)
- Severe or cystic acne
- Thinning hair or male-pattern baldness
- Weight gain or difficulty losing weight
- Darkening of skin in folds (acanthosis nigricans)
- Difficulty conceiving
- Oily skin
Risk Factors
Lifestyle Tips
Focus on weight management; even a 5-10% weight loss can restore ovulation
Adopt a low-glycemic-index diet rich in whole grains, vegetables, and lean protein
Engage in at least 150 minutes of moderate exercise per week
Include strength training to improve insulin sensitivity
Limit processed foods and added sugars
Work with an endocrinologist or gynecologist on medication options
Monitor mental health, as anxiety and depression are more common in PCOS
When to Seek Medical Care
See a healthcare provider if you have irregular or absent periods, unexplained weight gain with acne or excess hair growth, or difficulty getting pregnant. Seek urgent care for sudden severe pelvic pain, especially with vomiting, which can indicate ovarian torsion. Regular check-ups are important to screen for diabetes, high blood pressure, and cholesterol if you have PCOS.
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